Why cloud computing has become a necessity for us?

What is the basic difference between when we buy a car and when we rent ? It is that when we buy a car we look after it , we have to maintain it .In the same way , earlier when we needed to host a website  we use to purchase server stacks and we needed to maintain the servers during the peak traffic time . But now ,all we can do is just buy them ,use them when we need them and return them when we dont need them. It is just like taking a car on rent using it and then giving it back without taking pains of its maintenance and buying it again on rent when its required.

This what cloud computing is and it is the era of cloud computing . Nowdays what all ITs companies are doing is they would’nt go ahead and invest huge amount of money in its IT infrastructure and buying high end personal computers for its staff members, then it would cost a fortune and the initial investment might give a lot of burden to the company.What  they can simply doing is getting the cloud servers and leave all their IT loads over there. Also, to host a lot of load of personal work over there and can work with a cheaper and basic hardware onsite.

The most important benefit of cloud computing is that  ,data stored at cloud serves can be accessed form anywhere ,anytime around the word with any device with an internet connection.As the industries are evolving ,we need more data storage and computational power , we need fast and reliable servers.The wiki definition says “Cloud computing is the on-demand availability of computer system resources, especially data storage and computing power, without direct active management by the user.”We can have unlimited data storage access and computational power in few minutes by just having a internet connection , and  contacting a cloud service provider and selecting out the required preferred service.  Just like out data is our homes is  stored in our hard drives in our pc , in the same way data in the cloud is stored in huge data centers  near us and around the world. These data centers contains racks and racks of servers and drives. Our information may be on only one drive on one of those servers, or it could be split across several drives.

The benefits of cloud computing includes , backup , recovery and security  of our data .The data is well secure , Data Centers manage these servers to keep the data safe and secure to access. Its scalable too , its just the electricity meter in  our house , the days we are watching television 24/7 we pay more electricity bill and the days we are  having examination we pay less. In the same way we pay till we use the cloud services , when we return it there is no need to pay.   Pay for what you use.

In simple words cloud computing can be called as abstraction and  it has become the need of the IT industry.

 

 

Why Virtual reality is still struggling ?

 

Have you ever played a game or watched a movie in which you felt like you’re inside the game or the movie? This is what VR is , creating an digital 3D environment around the user using computer generated imagery stimulating a real presence through senses like sight, hearing and  touch. VR is a user interface in which the user is able to interact with his environment. Isn’t it great to have such an exciting experience ,you’re playing a game and you’re in middle of a war zone ,  shooting at the enemies and the enemies just looking as if just standing in front of you ready to shoot you , or you’re in a roller-coster just feeling as if you’re actually riding it .I  think we all have heard about poekmon go , which is based on AR, which is just like VR but its just digital elements  used  by smartphones ,whereas VR is complete experience which shuts out the physical world. The snapChat lenses that we are using today is also based on AR.

But the truth is its been 20 years that VR is in market but hasn’t been in the limelight.The first biggest reason is its cost. Its very  expensive. Just to even get a VR experinece ,its  costly and to buy a VR set like Oculus or Samsung Vr  or Vive Pro Starter Kitis not something which everyone can purchase . Also most of the parents wouldn’t indulge in buying this much costly items for the sake of playing VR games, which would just make their child sit in home for the entire day instead of playing outdoor.

Have your ever been to a Mall and experienced the VR set ?Yes you did and it was quite a good experience . But when you went to mall again, did you do that again ? No ,right . Did you after sometime felt trap inside something and want to just take fresh air ?Did your headache after a while?

The second reason is setting it up. Most of these devices aren’t something we  can just plug into a power outlet . They might   take a full room with sensors all around you. Then if we are using  PlayStation VR then we need to install  cameras and sensor bars, and also  need to get  controllers for playing it. It not like just we can buy VR and its done , its totally  not the case , there are like specific sensors,controllers and different devices for the respective games we need to play . Its not like normal XBox or PS4 . Using the  Gear VR for a long time  can burn up your phone’s battery . Setting up VR  is a lot of time consuming and is much costlier.We have also gone or seen  VR arcades, VR escape rooms, and even VR Ghostbusters that gives VR experience .But to honest going somewhere to get a 10-15 min of experience spending  a plenty of amount is something that one would  not want to try again and again.

The VR headsets  are heavy to put on . In  our normal PS4 you can go on hours playing game , but in VR after spending some time in that Headsets we might feel very suffocated and would want to remove it. Its also disorienting  wearing the headset for more than half an hour  and can leave your head spinning when you take it off . According to research  Facebook is recommending that people take a 10 to 15 minute break for every 30 minutes that they play.

Virtual reality cannot be a shared experience. like when we play or watch movie with our friends we are sitting together and enjoying together but in VR we all are in same room but in our own VR’s and  it just feels like you’re worlds apart.To be more clear its  juts like today’s senario of get- togethers ,parties and functions , where people come to meet each other , but end up siting in the same room using their own phones and not speaking a word to each other .

Also running virtual reality in not something you can do any where or in any platform , itis very platform specific.If we purchase a game that requires the sensors and controllers of the HTC Vive, we cannot use them in other .In the same way  games made for  PlayStation VR won’t be playable on other headsets and vice versa.  A  game you brought for one platform won’t work on any other platforms.Even the best games that have been in VR, like Resident Evil 7 or Superhot VR are available on regular PC’s so average people would definitely not go for it . People like gamers to be more specific who wants to play for 4-5 hours continously would definitely prefer gaming in PC’s or PS’s.

 

 

 

Is Blockchain the future of health care ?

Block chain  which is termed as “The game changing method of conducting  transactions “.

First of all what is block chain , as the names suggests its an chains of blocks . Blocks that’s contain three things: data, hash value and the hash value of the previous block ,and various such blocks forms a chain as we studied in linked list in java, one holding the address of the next or previous block. If we tamper with the data of any block then its hash value changes and the next block cant identify its previous block thus breaking the chain. To deal with this situation the entire chain is tampered and again the proof of work is done to identify the real blocks and form a chain .So moving into depths  ,blockchain is a chain where transactions are done on a digital ledger(which can be anywhere where the records are written or placed for anyone in the network to see, and exchange .).

Now its considered that the data these blocks hold is not just transactions but can also be medical records. This technology can actually  uplift the health data exchanges , and would increase the security and efficiency of the existing system. Electronic medical records can give better health care outcomes for patients.

Now the only thing we must be wondering that if health data transactions be done using block chain technology , how can it be  secure ? why cant someone easily hack the data? The answer is yes Blockchain is actually the most secure technology right now , each block is coded with SHA 256 hash code which is a 64 bits random data , even if one tries to tamper one block slightly, the hash of the block changes and as we know the  next block   holds the  hash of  previous block , now this block  will become invalid  for the next block ,in turn all the block ahead will not recognize the block ,in turn the proof of work is need to done again , its like  generating  another 64 bit hash using SHA256 for like hundreds of block or nearly all blocks in the chain ,  which is nearly impossible . Now one can say why its impossible its because one cannot create a hash code like that ,it requires a very high computational power which normal cpus and gpus cant do .Thus creating hash for these many blocks and then approving form all the users (proof of work ) and making a chain again as , every user will identify the invalid transaction and thus no tampering is even possible with block chain. Thus block chain is very secure .

Also the network is entirely based on authentication of all participants. Every user has his public key and private key , which ensures that the transaction made belongs to the user , and every transaction done by the user need the users signature and then verification of all others are required. Unless its not verified by maximum nodes in the network transaction wont be added as  a block in the chain .The public key ensures that the message is broadcasted to all the users in the network and private key ensures that the message is send by us.

Blockchain can also help in Tracking of returned medicines and can make it easy as there is not just a centralized system to maintain  everything.Health data is often sensitive and needs to be kept private, and only shared in certain circumstances. The other is that there are advantages to having more data when assessing a current problem or health state. Blockchain can help by creating a secure way to electronically hold health data, and allow a person to control who sees it and who doesn’t .It also facilitates tracking health data, and every heath interaction throughout that person’s entire life, giving them the benefit of the maximum possible amount of data when making a health determination. Blockchain technology provides a more secure method of data storage, and in a sense is a better lock.Many of the cyber security techniques are put in place to stop humans from unwittingly sharing the data.People will still be tricked into giving the wrong access to the wrong people.

So yes, blockchain is definitely the future of healthcare.

 

5G :Our future

Instead of directly diving into  5G first we should know how communications occurs and from what  technology 5G has evolved. So lets dive into basics , how multiplexing allows multi users to access to network. What is multiplexing ? It is basically when a lot ot of users  data is passed through a common channel and when multiple users connect with a network using common channel is called a multiple access. For example multiple users can be connected to same Wifi and the wifi will provide each user a frequency band within its range to transfer or receive  data ,in form of packets. Now there are some techniques using which a network differentiate its users , first is FDMA(Frequency division multiple access) ,in this  lets say to a station multiple users are connected ,then the radio waves frequency would be different for each connected user and there will be guard bands to prevent interference of information.

Second is TDMA(Time Division Multiplexing Access) in which multiple users transfer data along a single common frequency band by allocating different time slots. We  can say each user is given N seconds of the time slots .Now this technology is used in 2G ,GPRS and GSM . But in this ,the channel only support 8 slots that is only 8 users can be connected at once .Though using dynamic allocation, channel was increased but still each channel can only support 8 users at a time.

Then came the CDMA , in this the signals were spread across a large frequency band .In this our data is mixed with some pseudo code or we can say our data bits are modulated by high orthogonal frequency bits .Now the data from the other user is also modulated by a pseudo random code ,thus spreading over large frequency band . At last they both are transmitted through a same frequency band. This technology is called as 3G, basically W-cdma which spreads signal in more bandwidth .

Now the question is why we are not satisfied with the existing techniques ? whats the need to evolve? Its i because he number of users are increasing  by day ,so need to evolve from 1G,2G,3G to 4g and radio part from GSM to HSPA+ as gsm has low data bandwidth (25khz). Also need to improve our  modulation techniques and spectral efficiency , we moved from QPSK TO 64QAm.

From CDMA we move on to OFDMA for high data rates and spectral efficiency.Which is our 4G  , now as the name suggests. OFDMA (Orthogonal frequency division  multiplexing) uses orthogonal sub carriers equally spaced at 15khz and each user is provide subset of these carries for data transmission and unlike previous techniques there are no time slots or frequency  slots , user is allocated available bandwidth according  to the resource availibility. Also there are no guard bands , the sub carriers overlaps with each other in the same frequency domain but are arranged in orthogonal  way that they never interferes.Then there is LTE which is  a kind of 4G that provides fastest connection to mobile Internet experience ten  times faster than 3G.

Now with the strong internet services and million of users we move form world of LTE Advanced to the next Generation communication system which is 5th Generation. Features have been planned to be added in the 5th Generation are firstly : Pervasive networks :,where a user can concurrently be connected to several wireless access technologies and seamlessly move between them. Secondly ,Group cooperative relay, a technique that is being considered to make the high data rates available over a wider area of the cell.  Third is the Cognitive radio technology that would enable the user equipment  or handset to look at the radio landscape in which it is located and choose the optimum radio access network, modulation scheme and other parameters to configure itself to gain the best connection and optimum performance. Lastly  Smart antennas which is ans another major element of any 5G cellular system . Using these it will be possible to alter the beam direction to enable more direct communications and limit interference and increase overall cell capacity.

 

 

IOT in daily life

 

Got up  and saw that the  Ac is off , but you set it to 19 degrees. This is what a smart system is , when the sensors inside the Ac found out that the threshold for the room temperature  is crossed it automatically stops . Now lets say I have connected tube light with it and whenever temperature crosses some threshold the tubelight  goes off. Now this is called connecting  devices, sensors and appliances so that they exchange data with each other  and when you add one more thing that is:  over a network then its called as IOT. IOT  is a  network of Internet connected devices  able to collect and exchange data . Iot platform is basically when some sensor collects some data ,and send it to cloud, then the software performs some task and give output to the connected devices.

Now after collection of data by the sensor one way is that we can upload that data to the cloud and then any other device connected to that cloud can see it and interpret the results. One such cloud platform us ThingSpeak. The other way we need to think about is how this exchange of data takes place between device in a  network. This network include  Wifi, Bluetooth, Zigbee , MQTT, cellular etc.These are also called Iot protocols.

Lets say you have connected a microcontroller with a Bluetooth enabled chip , now you connect your phone with that bluetooth network , then your phone and microcontroller can interact with each other over small range .Now you can connect any sensor or device with microcontroller  and they can easily interact with our phone . There are various apps that provides wearable technology to get easily connected to smart gadgets. Smart glass can be easily made with Bluetooth technology ,using Arduino and OLED. The only problem with Bluetooth is that Bluetooth does not allow large file to exchange but only allows small portion of data.

Moving on to wifi which is  standard 802.11 ,can  transfer hundreds of megabits in only one second. Now days there are many microcontrollers available that  have inbuilt wifi In it , but there is also a wifi chip available which can be connected to a device . Then all the devices connecting that network can exchange data among themselves.  It has quick data transfer rates  but the only own drawback of this IoT protocol is it can consume excessive power for some of the IoT Application. Its range is 50m , We can easily built a home automation system with wifi ,all the devices, sensors  will be connected , it would include temperature monitoring , automatic lights on off , fan switching on  during hot conditions and vice versa, ac monitoring , smart bed etc.

ZIGBEE which is not known to most of the people because it is mostly designed for industries not customers. It operates at a frequency of 2.4GHz. In industries and chemical plants and others large amount of Zigbee modules are connected with each other to exchange and monitor data, forming a network of Zigbee devices   . One Zigbee connects easily  with other using I/O line passing.At small scale ,there are Xbee modules available in market , with which we can built an automated device , like we can switch any lights off or on from any other room using two xbee modules , one with us and other attached to light. The two modules will transfer and receive signals using I/o line passing  (same data on same data pin of two modules).

Fourth is MQTT, Message Queue Telemetry Transport ,as the name suggests is an message protocol. This  protocol usually runs over TCP/IP. It used for monitoring from a remote area in IoT. MQTT can  obtain  data from so many electrical devices.This MQTT protocol is made of three core mechanisms: Subscriber, Publisher, and Broker. The publisher  generates  and transmits the data to the subscriber with the help of the broker. The  broker, ensures security  by checking and rechecking the authorization of the subscribers and the publishers.So basically there is the broker and lot of MQTT clients so this broker acts as a post office , whenever some client want to publish anything i.e want to share or get  any information then the clients subscribes to it or connected to it can see the message . In case of a broker failure there is a backup broker to manage the clients . Basically a broker is a software running on a system or cloud just like a server ,and clients are just devices/ microcontrollers  which has a MQTT library  .MQTT protocol provides information routing functions to the cheap, low-memory power consuming , small or mini devices with the help of low and vulnerable bandwidth based network.  

 

Data mining : How private data is monetized by Google and Big- tech companies

First of all what is data mining? Data mining is the process of finding patterns and correlations within large data sets to predict some new information or hidden information . High tech companies uses a broad range of techniques for data mining and uses this information to increase revenues, cut costs, improve customer relationships, reduce risks and increase business efficiency. Various industries have been adopting data mining to their mission critical business processes to gain competitive advantages and help business growth, one of which is Google.

Secondly , what is data monetisation ? Data monetisation is the way of  generating measurable economic benefits from available data sources and analytics. Data monetization  identifies and  market data or data based products(products based on raw, refined or analysed data) to generate revenue .

There are several ways companies use the consumer data and use it for improving customer experience ,refining marketing strategy, turning data into cash flow or using data to secure data. But several big companies like Google are using people private data  to their mission critical business processes to gain competitive advantages and help business growth .This is done without the  person knowing about it, which raises question on security and personal information (privacy).

According to the researches and investigations :A Financial Times investigation  showed that many healthcare websites like WebMD and Healthline has been sharing sensitive user data with big technology companies like  Google, Amazon, Facebook , Oracle and others. Google accumulated personal medical records of millions of patients, without notifying them or their doctors. Data mining and monetizing is the core business for platform technology companies. According to McKinsey Global Institute, around 80 per cent of the world’s corporate wealth  resides in  10 per cent of companies many of them are in Silicon Valley. The  surveillance capitalism is increasingly the business model for every firm, in every industry. Google is keen to enter healthcare and finance  because its competitors are already entered there. But Big Tech  has an edge in those sectors relative to older players because  tech companies are not necessarily subject to Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act rules, which set privacy standards for traditional healthcare firms and insurance companies  or the penalties that come from breaching them.

Google expanded its data mining to combine users private data across all their google accounts and services, which includes gmail , google maps, internet search history, browsed history, location , photo sharing, without the user knowing about it. They have been mixing user data with  advertising means. Big tech companies combines data across multiple accounts and services because the results are extremely valuable. Its like combining small- small bits of information into something highly informative  ,just like tiny bits of colored tile can be combined and transformed into a  piece of art in the same way  tiny bits of unrelated personal users  data, when combined and mined at huge scale, can provide immense information and value to advertisers, marketers, corporate sales forces and other people. The revenue generated by combining ,mining and monetizing such data is the reason free cloud services can afford to be free.

Individual privacy, national security, government integrity and safety implications are need to preserved. Instead of using the power of data mining to identify a potential new customer to increase business, it may be  misused to identify an undercover intelligence operative. Instead of mining  to anticipate a company’s office supply needs, data from across individual and government accounts  their email contents, internet searches, history,  travel plans  were used to anticipate a government policy decision or treaty negotiating position.

We never know the ill motives , there are skilled  hackers everywhere, someone can misuse the user data or mingle their data with something else. A users personal data is so important that it might even question his existence .Even the bill statements , the credit card statements , our online transactions list , our account details , our money is at stake . Cloud services have become the heart of people, everyone is using online services doing online transactions ,are creating accounts on various sites, providing credit card details, account no, pins, addresses, all personal details without even thinking once .I am not saying here that companies don’t provide us security and piracy policies , they do . Our data is safe form others, but the thing is they are only playing  with our data. Though there motive is to increase their business efficiency and find patterns and useful information for their business growth and users benefits. But if we see one perspective of it not everyone is interested in company’s growth ,some evil minds are out there who can missuses this and put people in danger . Its like Mark Zukerberg , CEO of Facebook ,so he can play with any users profile which should not be the case.

 

What’s the future of AI? Are we in risk?

From self driving cars , robots defeating human in chess to SIRI, Artificial Intelligence has become one of the  most leading trend in technology. It all came from back 80’s when the Science fiction movies had robot and the villain as robotic creatures , where they would fight the human race or movies where a human would use a robot to fight another human. Nobody has ever thought those fictions would become reality. The human has engaged itself to make machines intelligent as themselves ,so that they do work and take decision rationally. Everything has its side effects too. AI which is about to become the absolute power in technology . Robots have been made intelligent upto that point that they are ready to replace humans in  space missions .The way we see the future is purely divided into two halves, it may end up in a unimaginably developed or a doomed world where the human is thrown by its own creation. Yes it might still seems to be a  nightmare but Stephen Hawking, Elon Musk, Steve Wozniak, Bill Gates, and many other AI researches have recently expressed concern  about the risks of AI. Maybe we  encounter an AI war in future . Stephen Hawking warns that rise of robots may be disastrous for mankind. Some people believe that if robots would become more intelligent than humans than they would become the superhuman and then the superpower. The machine in turn would become evil.

Right now Ai is serving the human at it peaks. Vyommitra ,a spacefaring human robot developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation. She is a  half humanoid that ISRO plans to send to space as part of test flights that will be undertaken ahead of the ambitious launch of India’s maid .Sophia, one of the most sophisticated humanoid robots . Hong Kong firm Hanson Robotics created Sophia with an advanced neural network and delicate motor controls that allow the machine to emulate human social interactions. Siri is a virtual assistant that is part of Apple Inc.’s iOS, iPadOS, watchOS, macOS, and tvOS operating systems. The assistant uses voice queries and a natural-language user interface to answer questions, make recommendations, and perform actions by delegating requests to a set of Internet services .Tesla’s self driving cars .

All these looks so soothing that’s human life would become so comfortable .But here the real problem is not every human want peace and comfort . Some are in the heat of power and money . Not every AI researches or scientist would be making a AI bot to help others , why not someone would make a bot to kill someone . Someone would use destructive methods to achieve something . Was Thanos wrong in killing half of the universe ? did he not have a valid reason or a motive to do so or he was just doing it for himself ? .Its all perspective .If we make something more intelligent than us , I don’t say it will but there are chances that it can throw us apart and its scientifically proven that AI has the potential to become more intelligent than any human

Robberies, murders, explosions, kidnapping these all would be just like a button to press and the robot would do in seconds ,just like in movies.  Also thinking further , if we can make something intelligent than us , the why not they make something which is more intelligent than them , at end humans would become slaves.

If we make this world a completely AI oriented world then a  small mistake or malfunctioning of the robot can cause disaster, take lives or create chaos in the whole world. Leave the world ,consider a small AI inbuilt home , a small malfunctioning of robot can burn the house or appliance ,or may put the residents into danger . We all must have seen that video where a man returned home after getting  a tooth surgery and is mouth was completely swallowed up . All his door look was AI automated face and voice recognition system . As his one side of the face was completely swallowed his face  was  not recognized ,also he could speak so he was not able to enter his own house.

By this example I am just saying that with the comfort just comes some difficulties and mishappening events . If we see at the large scale we are not worried about these small difficulties but we are worried about AI war that may happen some hundred year after . Where there would be super intelligent humanoid be taking over the world or A evil minded person would make other slaves using these lethal AI weapons or creature bots.

I would conclude  by saying right now we should only focus on flying cars which we thought would be our future ,because right now AI is a developing field , the scientists and researchers are finding more and more about it , one doesn’t know how vast and upto what it can incredibly go . Right now the only fear  human has is  that there can be something ,more intelligent than him .The fact that there can be an evil mind more evil than a human mind is mysterious, makes human a little scared.

is a black hole more dangerous or a white hole?

First of all ,white hole is a hypothetical concept . We know the newton law ,everything has a equal and opposite reaction . When we deal with the universe we have already discovered a lot of concepts and theories.In space the laws of thermodynamics ,the theory of relativity ,laws of gravitation ,laws of motion, are entangled together . Every time with a new discovery we cannot prove the earlier theory wrong . We know a black takes in everything , it even swallows light ,but if we see our physics laws it cannot be true . Every body which takes in energy , releases energy , our own body release heat . Stephen hawking realized this fact and made us believe that there is something opposite to black hole which is called a white whole . It is believed that white hole is present in an another dimension i.e nothing can enter a white hole , things can only escape from it.

From the gravitational pull concept we can say that black holes are really dangerous . Five-sixths of our universe is made up of dark matter and the the theory behind it is still hidden . According to a recent study it was believed the dark matter constituted white holes , they can be as small as possible and even as big as possible. It is believed that a black hole and white hole makes a connection between a new dimension or an another universe. Hypothetically if we enter a black hole we emerge in a new universe from a white hole , but we all know if by chance we enter the event horizon of a black hole our body is torn apart with the huge gravitational pull.White holes can be as massive as possible and can be as small as a bit of a human hair . It is believed that if a very tiny white hole comes in contact with a proton in space it just bounces off as it cannot swallow anything and if it comes in contact with a black hole , then it just a black hole. As of now white holes cannot be taken dangerous , but it still remains a mystery . It is also believed that the big bang theory predate from a huge white hole.The white holes smaller than the wavelength of light are invisible like the dark matter and is believed to be a constitute of dark matter.Till dark matter remains a mystery , white hole is also a mystery.Maybe they come out to be more dangerous than a black hole.
so basically you cannot enter a white hole from this region of space time , its like you just collide with a white hole and you did’nt even realize that you collided with something .

Does god really exist ?

People beleive that god is their ultimate creator and the creator of our universe. If we think from the science point of view we would obiously say that God does not exist. But what if science would only make us beleive in God . If we beleive that time has no beginning then we have to also beleive that there was no big bang and the universe was already there , as it is just now. Science has proved that there had been a big bang explosion as we can observe the cosmic rays ( micro, radiowaves) coming from universe from the explosion that is reaching us now after travelling for so long .Okay here big bang does not prove the existence of god, but if see that  ,big bang happened at a particular time only, which marked the birth of universe. Then we have to think that there had been someone to carry out the job. If there had been no one carry out that job then the universe would have been created at any point of time in past . As we know already that universe is expanding which means it would have started at a point and particular time(beginning of time ). Thus to say that universe existed before the big bang and no one created it and it was already there, stands  incorrect .Therefore people  beleives that the God created the universe ,at the time of big bang only .

Some people asked that then what was god doing before he created the universe.The scientists said that time was property of the universe that god created and that time does not exist before the beginning of the universe.

Is the universe really expanding?

According to scientists the universe expanded at the big bang from a size of less than a single atom to a billion times.Currently they found out that the universe does not become static but is still expanding . They donot know will the universe would stop to expand , will it come to a stand still, will there be a end of universe or a beginning of a new universe.  Some scientists beleive that the force of gravity would not remain  so strong and the universe would continue to expand further.The proof for the expanding universe is the red shift, all the galaxies are moving away from us. It was also found that the farther away is the galaxy from us , the faster it is moving away from us.We cannot predict the center of universe , Friedmann  assumed that the universe is similar in all directions.The red shift can be explained easily , the scientists observed the frequency of radiations coming from a galaxy , the frequency decreases with time which means the number of waves coming to us is decreasing ,  because the galaxy is continously moving away from us. As the frequency decrease the wavelength increases that is why they called it as red shift (red light has maximum  wavelength).

Newton and other scientists thought that the universe would come to stand still and from there would start to contract.But that is not happening.